Challenges of Managing Diversity in the Workplace - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 9 Words: 2744 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Management Essay Type Review Did you like this example? Introduction This paper aims to critically explore the key benefits and challenges of managing diversity within the workplace. It begins by examining the concept of diversity and the drivers for it, and then, drawing on examples from the current literature, reviews the different benefits and challenges of managing diversity in the workplace. The paper also identifies some of the different approaches organisations can take to effectively implement the management of diversity at work, and concludes by summarising the key learning points. Understanding workplace diversity In essence, the concept of diversity incorporates values and behaviours associated with acceptance and respect. It requires the understanding that each individual is unique, a recognition of individual differences, and goes beyond a simple tolerance of each other to a more embracing approach to the valuable dimensions of diversity contained within every individual (Patrick and Kumar, 2012). The term managing diversity itself first originated in the United States in the late 1980s and emerged as a result of anti-discrimination law and social equality issues (McDougall, 1996). It has since become to be viewed as a contemporary alternative to the more traditional equal opportunity approaches (Noon, 2007), and asserted to be proactive and results-focussed (CIPD, 2005). The issue of workplace diversity has become increasingly debated in management circles due to expanding globalisation, changing demographics in the labour market and a greater awareness and acknowledgment more gene rally that there are differences between individuals (Hite and McDonald, 2010). This has meant that the issue of managing diversity has become one of importance and significance in both public and private sector organisations (Kirton and Greene, 2009; Farhad, 2007). According to Patrick and Kumar (2012), the biggest driver for high level management of diversity is the need to tap into the creative, cultural, and communicative skills of all employees and to use those skills to improve organisational policies, products, service, and customer experiences. Other drivers for diversity include changes in legislation and societal awareness of it as an issue and this has meant that organisations are being forced to give a greater focus to the issue of managing and promoting diversity (Holbeche, 2009). In the UK, the Equality Act came into force in 2010 and consolidated all grounds of discrimination, and previous legislation, into a single statute. This Act placed new duties on employers around the management of diversity within their workforces and employment practices and requires organisations to visibly demonstrate what action they are taking to address it (Kumra and Manfredi, 2012). Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Challenges of Managing Diversity in the Workplace" essay for you Create order Benefits of workplace diversity There are numerous cited benefits for organisations that have a diverse workforce, such as it acting as a source of real competitive advantage (Herring, 2009) and being associated with increased profitability (Ng and Wyrick, 2011). It is claimed that diversity in the workforce can increase productivity and organisational effectiveness by harnessing the contribution of a wider range of perspectives (Choi and Rainey, 2010) and through the creation of stronger teams (Herring, 2009). In addition, it is argued that successfully managing diversity can result in more satisfied and committed employees delivering potentially enhanced financial performance for the organisation (Patrick and Kumar, 2012). It has been suggested that organisations which are considered to be inclusive have a wider talent pool from which to recruit the most qualified and effective candidates thereby giving them competitive advantage over rivals (Edwards, Watkins, and Stevens, 2007). Similarly, it has been propo sed that organisations that actively promote diversity in its workforce benefit from increased retention rates of existing employees (McKay et al., 2007). In relation to innovation and creativity, it has been argued in the literature that a diverse workforce can enhance this. In particular, it has been found that racial and gender heterogeneity can result in more diverse types of information and ideas being shared within an organisation leading superior problem solving and decision-making (Richard, Kirby and Chadwick, 2013). Furthermore, diversity in the workforce can deliver business advantage when dealing with diverse customer bases or international markets (Podsiadlowski et al, 2003), as organisations with diverse employees tend to have a better understanding of the requirements and obligations of the legal, political, social, economic, and cultural environments in which they operate (Patrick and Kumar, 2012). Diversity also helps in this respect by expanding an organisatio ns perspective and its strategic tactics, the design of new operations, and the assessment of emerging trends within its sphere of business (Martin, 2014). Challenges of workplace diversity A number of challenges associated with diverse workforces and their management have also been identified. According to Ewoh (2013: 109), one of the main barriers that exist to managing diversity in the workplace relates to the language and terminology that is used to discuss it. He claims that many commentators on diversity claim that the problem stems from its definition and how the concept of diversity can be distinguished from those relating to positive action and equal opportunities. Foster and Harris (2005) claim that this ambiguity can make the implementation of diversity management problematic, and it has been claimed that the conceptual relationship between diversity and equal opportunities is blurred making it a complex issue to address for managers (Maxwell, 2004). It has been argued that diversity has the potential to reduce group cohesiveness and increase conflict in teams and between employees and managers (Skerry, 2002). In particular, cultural diversity amongst em ployees has been found to be problematic. Culturally diverse employees have different opinions, beliefs, norms, customs, values and traditions and when such workers are placed in a group setting to achieve an organisational goal with mutual effort and collaboration, these differences of views and beliefs have the potential to hinder the development of unity (Martin, 2014). Some studies have also shown that this can also lead to reduced staff morale and productivity (Roberson and Kulik, 2007; Wrench, 2005). Furthermore, approaches to managing diversity have been criticised for failing to sufficiently take into consideration the structural disadvantage that exists for many minority groups within the workforce (Wrench, 2005) and for not being able to adequately confront the dominant ideologies and power relations that exist (Noon, 2007). Challenges also exist in relation to developing human resource policies and practices that meet the needs of a diverse workforce. According to T ung and Baumann (2009) people from different ethnic groups and cultural backgrounds hold different values when it comes to areas such as pay, reward and incentives and therefore organisations cannot assume that individuals from different ethnic groups will react in the same way to monetary based performance systems or financial schemes. Similarly, people from different cultural backgrounds may also hold different work ethics (Moran et al, 2014), and there may be variances in terms of acceptance of authority which has implications not only for policy development but also day to day management practice (YÄ ±ldÄ ±z, 2013). As well as considering diversity in terms of the protected characteristics, organisations also have the challenge of embracing diversity in a wider sense. For example, Hunter and Ogungbure (2013) explore diversity in the workplace in relation to contemporary appearance such as hairstyles, tattoos and body piercings, and argue that they may impact on co rporate culture and other organisational employment practices. In particular, they claim it can become particularly problematic for organisations when it is claimed that such outward body alterations are associated with religious beliefs. This is an area that is relatively unexplored but may also present practical challenges for organisations. Implementation approaches for managers and leaders of diversity According to Stevens, Plaut and Sanchez-Burks (2008), approaches to cultivating and managing diversity in organisations can be done in a number of ways. They claim that some organisations demonstrate their commitment to promoting diversity via a range of diversity initiatives that are implemented into daily practice, whereas others choose instead to adopt a colour blind approach to diversity. The colour blind approach focuses on realigning workforce group identities with an overarching identity (Hogg and Terry, 2000), with the aim of decreasing the emphasis on individual differences. It stems from the notion of treating everyone the same but has been criticised for being exclusionary and appealing only to nonminority groups (Markus et al, 2000). In contrast, the multi-cultural approach is based on the assumption that the differences between people are a source of strength for organisations and these differences need to be embraced and nurtured (Stevens, Plaut and Sanchez-Burks, 2008). With such an approach, a range of strategies are used to promote diversity including targeted networking and mentoring programmes aimed at specific minority groups, diversity days where the cultural background of different groups of staff is celebrated, and the provision of targeted and generic diversity training (Paluck, 2006). However, it has been claimed that with both of these approaches, organisations face real challenges in that neither approach will be welcomed by all staff. The multicultural approach can be seen by non-minority groups as posing a threat to their social identity (Verkuyten, 2005), and the colour blind approach is felt to take insufficient account of the structural disadvantages faced by minority groups (Noon, 2007). To overcome these limitations, Stevens, Plaut and Sanchez-Burks (2008) propose a new approach to managing diversity which they term all-inclusive multi-culturalism. They claim that this approach offers an alternative to the more traditio nal colour blind and multicultural ideologies by having a specific focus on employee inclusion, and the formation of high quality authentic relationships between employees that are resilient, transparent and which promote on-going learning. They claim that in order to implement such an approach, organisations need to create environments that are considered to be more inclusive by all members of the workforce with the implementation of policies and practices that are framed as benefiting everyone and the use of language and communication that does not label different groups or single them out. Similarly, Richard, Kirby and Chadwick (2013) argue that in order for diversity management to be effectively implemented, and to avoid the common pitfalls, organisations must develop mechanisms whereby cooperation and collaboration across all roles is supported and create an inclusive environment that promotes belongingness. According to Ewoh (2013: 114), in order to create such an enviro nment that enables diversity to be managed, diversity leaders across an organisation must be identified and supported. In addition, clear objectives relating to diversity must be communicated alongside the provision of appropriate training to help managers and leaders deliver these. He further claims that support and commitment from the top is essential along with recognition that bottom-up input and engagement from diverse workers is needed to enhance the quality of decision making and the development of more innovative and sustainable policies. In agreement with this, Guillaume et al (2014), argue that effective leadership is essential to making any strategy for managing diversity in an organisation work. They identify leadership at the middle management level as being particularly crucial given that it is most likely that it is individuals at this level who will be tasked with implementing in practice an organisations diversity management policies and procedures, and be responsib le for reinforcing the enactment of related diversity management practices in day to day work. Conclusion From the critical review presented above it is clear that there is increasing focus on the issue of diversity within the workplace as a result of increasing globalisation, changes in the labour market and external regulatory drivers. There are many benefits identified from effectively managing workplace diversity including increased productivity, innovation and creativity, improved employee relations, and more effective working with diverse customer bases and international markets. There are also, however, a number of challenges for organisations in implementing the management of diversity effectively and in avoiding some of the identified disadvantages which can result in negative outcomes such as increased team conflict and reduced team cohesion. In addition, the ambiguity around the term managing diversity itself adds another level of complexity for organisations and individual managers in embracing this agenda effectively. A number of strategies and approaches have bee n identified for implementing the effective management of diversity and all focus on creating inclusive cultures within organisations which require strong leadership and reinforcement in practice. It is clear that with the ever increasing diversity in the labour market, this is an important issue that organisations need to continue to review and address both now and in the future. References Choi, S. and Rainey, H. G. (2010), Managing diversity in U.S Federal Agencies: effects of diversity and diversity management on employee perceptions of organizational performance, Public Administration Review, Vol. 70, No.1, pp. 109-121. CIPD (2005) Managing Diversity: Linking Theory and Practice to Business Performance, London: CIPD. Edwards, B. D., Watkins, M. B. and Stevens, F. G. (2007). Its not black and white: Differential applicant reactions to targeted recruitment efforts. Unpublished manuscript, Auburn University. Ewoh, A.I.E. (2013) Managing and Valuing Diversity: Challenges to Public Managers in the 21st Century, Public Personnel Management, Vol. 42(2), pp. 107à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"122. Farhad, A. (2007) Strategic human resource management, London, Thomson Learning. Foster, C. and Harris, L. (2005) Easy to say, difficult to do: diversity management in retail. Human Resources Management Journal, Vol. 15 (3), pp. 4-17. uillaume, Y.R.F.,. Dawson, J.F., Priola, V., Sacramento, C.A., Woods, S.A., Higson, H.E., Budhwar, P.S. and West, M.A. (2014) Managing diversity in organizations: An integrative model and agenda for future research, European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, Vol. 23(5), pp. 783-802. Herring, C. (2009), Does diversity pay?: race, gender, and the business case for diversity, American Sociological Review, Vol.74, pp. 208-224. Hite, L. M. and McDonald, K. S. (2010), Perspectives on HRD and diversity education, Advances in Developing Human Resources, Vol. 12, No.3, pp. 283 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" 294. Hogg, M. A., Terry, D. J. (2000). Social identity and self-categorization processes in organizational contexts. Academy of Management Review, Vol. 25, pp. 121-140. Holbeche, L. (2009) Aligning human resources and business strategy, Oxford: Elsevier. Hunter, D and Ogungbure, A (2013) Impression Management and Diversity: Challenges of Diverse Employees and Contemporary Appearances in the Workplace, Journal o f Knowledge Human Resource Management, Vol. 5 (12) pp.40-46. Kirton, G. and Greene, A. (2009), The costs and opportunities of doing diversity work in mainstream organisations, Human Resource Management Journal, Vol. 19, No.2, pp.159- 175. Kumra, S. and Manfredi, S. (2012) Managing Equality and Diversity: Theory and Practice, Oxford: Oxford University Press. Markus, H. R., Steele, C. M. and Steele, D. M. (2000). Colorblindness as a barrier to inclusion: Assimilation and non-immigrant minorities. Daedalus, Vol. 129, pp. 233-259. Martin, G.C. (2014) The Effects Of Cultural Diversity In The Workplace, Journal of Diversity Management, Vol. 9 (2), pp. 89-92. Maxwell, G. (2004) Minority report: taking the initiative in managing diversity at BBC Scotland. Employee Relations, Vol. 26 (2), pp. 182-202. McDougall, M. (1996) Equal opportunities versus managing diversity Another challenge for public sector management?, International Journal of Public Sector Management, Vol. 9 (5/6), pp. 62-72. McKay, P. F., Avery, D. R., Tonidandel, S., Morris, M. A., Hernandez, M. and Hebl, M. R. (2007). Racial differences in employee retention: Are diversity climate perceptions the key? Personnel Psychology, Vol. 60, pp. 35-62. Moran, R.T., Remington A. N. and Moran, S.V. (2014) Managing Cultural Differences, New York: Routledge. Ng, E. and Wyrick, C. (2011), Motivational bases for managing diversity: a model of leadership commitment, Human Resource Management Review, Vol. 21, pp. 368-376. Noon, M. (2007) The fatal flaws of diversity and the business case for ethnic minorities, Work, employment and society, Vol. 2 (4), pp.773-784. Paluck, E. L. (2006). Diversity training and intergroup contact: A call to action research. Journal of Social Issues, Vol. 62, pp. 577-595. Patrick, H, A. and Kumar, V.R. (2012) Managing Workplace Diversity: Issues and Challenges, SAGE Open, April-June 2012, pp. 1à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"15. Podsiadlowski, A., GrÃÆ' ¶schke, D ., Kogler, M., Springer, C. and van der Zeec, K. (2013) Managing a culturally diverse workforce: Diversity perspectives in organizations, International Journal of Intercultural Relations, Vol. 37, pp.159à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"175. Richard, O., Kirby, S,L. and Chadwick, K. (2013) The impact of racial and gender diversity in management on financial performance: how participative strategy making features can unleash a diversity advantage, The International Journal of Human Resource Management, Vol. 24 (13), pp.2571à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"2582. Roberson, L. and Kulik, C. T. (2007). Stereotype threat at work. Academy of Management Perspectives, Vol. 21(2), pp. 24-40. Skerry, P. (2002), Beyond sushiology: does diversity work?, Brooking Review, Vol. 20, pp. 20-23. Stevens, F.G., Plaut, V.C. and Sanchez-Burks, J. (2008) Unlocking the Benefits of Diversity All-Inclusive Multiculturalism and Positive Organizational Change, The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, Vol. 44 (1), pp. 116-133. Tung, R.L. and Baumann, C. (2009) Comparing the attitudes toward money, material possessions and savings of overseas Chinese vis-ÃÆ'  -vis Chinese in China: convergence, divergence or cross-vergence, vis-ÃÆ'  -vis one size fits all human resource management policies and practices, The International Journal of Human Resource Management, Vol. 20 (11), pp. 2382-2401. Verkuyten, M. (2005) Ethnic group identification and group evaluation among minority and majority groups: Testing the multiculturalism hypothesis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol. 88, pp. 121-138 Wrench, J. (2005) Diversity management can be bad for you. Race and Class, Vol. 46(3), pp. 73-84. YÄ ±ldÄ ±z, A. (2013) The Effects of National Culture on Unionization, Sosyoloji KonferanslarÄ ±, No: 48, pp. 19-33.

Annotated Bibliography On The Master System - 896 Words

Welcome to Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia that anyone can edit. 5,003,630 articles in English Arts Biography Geography History Mathematics Science Society Technology All portals From today s featured article Sega Master System The Master System is a third-generation home video game console from Sega, released in the late 1980s. The original models took game cartridges as well as credit-card-sized Sega Cards; accessories included a light gun and 3D glasses. The system s hardware was superior to that of the competing Nintendo Entertainment System, and it boasted several well-received game titles, but Nintendo s licensing practices prevented Sega from acquiring many of the more popular titles. Sega failed to gain a significant market†¦show more content†¦... that Edwin McMillan and Glenn T. Seaborg were awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1951 for their discovery of the transuranium elements? ... that the Walker Art Gallery changed the name of Giovanni Segantini s painting The Punishment of Lust to avoid offending the Victorian public? ... that Osaka TÃ… in High School s baseball team became national champions in just their fourth year of existence? ... that scholars have uncovered the record books of the Tripoli Jewish community and 18th-century manuscripts in the study hall of Hakham Saul Adadi? ... that although Wolf Run is only 0.9 miles (1.4 km) long, it was historically used as a water supply for the Lehigh Valley Railroad? ... that a Ni no Kuni collectible card game was developed for mobile devices? ... that the title of Mariah Carey s song H.A.T.E.U. is an acronym for Having A Typical Emotional Upset? Recently improved articles Start a new article Nominate an article In the news Victor Ponta Victor Ponta At least 41 people are killed when an Antonov An-12 cargo plane crashes near Juba, South Sudan. Romanian Prime Minister Victor Ponta (pictured) resigns over the fatal Colectiv nightclub fire. Cyclone Chapala becomes the first hurricane-force storm on record to strike mainland Yemen. In horse racing, Michelle Payne becomes the first female jockey to win the Melbourne Cup, riding Prince of Penzance. In baseball, the Kansas City Royals defeat the New York Mets to

Cutting Weight in Combat Sports Free Essays

string(146) " Although cutting weight will never be considered something extremely healthy, there are methods of cutting weight that do less harm to the body\." Cutting Weight in Combat Sports Indira Moores Lo-Ellen Park Secondary School Contents Cutting Weight in Combat Sports3 Cutting Weight in General3 Effects of Extreme Weight Cuts4 Effects on Growth and Development5 Proper Techniques5 Effects on Performance6 Average Cuts7 Prevention of Weight Cutting8 Conclusion8 Works Cited10 Cutting Weight in Combat Sports It is a known fact that to be a competitor at an elite level, one must work hard and make sacrifices. There are many examples of hard working athletes shown through the media. Most of these examples, however, tend to focus on a select few professional sports like hockey, football, basketball and amateur sports like figure skating and track and field. We will write a custom essay sample on Cutting Weight in Combat Sports or any similar topic only for you Order Now Many other sports, are sometimes recognized as being an elite level, but are not nearly as understood because they do not get the exposure from the media, that more ‘popular’ sports do. A lot of combat sports, including wrestling, fall in to this category. Wrestling gets a limited media exposure compared to more popular sports, and as a result, is not well understood. For example, at the Beijing Olympic Games in 2008, Canada earned its first gold medal by wrestler Carol Hyun at weight 49 kg. Yet wrestling was generally not covered extensively over most television networks, (Yardly, 2008). Because combat sports aren’t generally media-popular sports, they are often not understood, which leads to some misconceptions. For instance, they are viewed as more violent compared to other contact sports such as hockey or football, or that it requires less training, (Bina, 2011). However, one of the biggest misconceptions, and the one I am choosing to focus on is that cutting weight, in a sport such as wrestling, is an unhealthy component of the sport with detrimental consequences. That’s not to say that there aren’t extreme examples of dangerous and reckless weight cutting with dire consequences. However weight cutting, when monitored and executed properly, is just another example of hard work and sacrifices that must be made within the sport. Cutting Weight in General Most combat sports are divided into weight classes. This gives athletes the advantage of competing against someone who is relatively their own size. Rather than having a 190 pound athlete compete against a 130 pound athlete. The competitors attend a weigh- in session in which the athletes are weighed and are grouped in to the listed weight class. This is where the concept of cutting weight comes in. Instead of wrestling someone your own size, why not lose weight and wrestle somebody who is smaller? This thought process has become very popular in recent years with wrestlers, especially in North America. Cutting weight is known as the process of losing a lot of weight in a short amount of time. If it is only a few pounds, losing the weight is fairly easy, but if the athlete is trying to drop multiple weight classes in a few days that is when issues arise. Unfortunately, the small amount of attention from the media that wrestling receives is mainly focused on the most extreme cases and negative cases, where athletes refuse liquids for hours, food for days and wear multiple layers of clothing to sweat out the weight. In some cases athletes are dressed in sweat suits and sit in steam rooms at ridiculously high temperatures in attempts to lose the weight. The media has brought the attention to the deaths and the injuries instead of focusing more on the good of the sport. When the process of cutting weight is only viewed in such a negative way, it’s easy to assume that it can be very detrimental to anyone’s body. Effects of Extreme Weight Cuts These extreme cases that the media has focused on are, of course, very unfortunate. These cuts have very harmful effects on the body. First of all, there is the obvious fact that the body is being dehydrated. Dehydration alone, causes the body to be tired and sleepy, causes the body to have a ard time concentrating and can be easily stressed, (Matheney, 2010). An athlete is also more prone to being injured when they are dehydrated, (Matheney, 2010). Dehydration causes the organs in the body to work harder to continue their bodily functions. Examples of this are the heart and the kidneys. The heart pumps blood all over the body after it has been oxygenized. Without the necessary amou nt of water in the body, the heart has to pump stronger and more often, causing it to be over worked. The kidneys filter waste products from the blood stream and without water it cannot filter properly. As a result, dehydration can cause kidney and heart failure. There are also reports of harming the liver during the process of cutting weight, (McAllister,2011). Aside from the physical effects, there are some mental effects on the body as well. Refusing foods and liquids days before a weigh in can increase an athlete’s risk of an eating disorder. Although, it is not necessarily because of the media and pressures to look a certain way, it is caused by the pressures of the team, coaches and themselves to weigh a certain weight. There is also the possibility of hormone imbalances which cause mood swings and depression in athletes, (Matheny, 2010). Effects on Growth and Development Younger, maturing athletes who cut large amounts of weight are more likely to experience hormone imbalances, which is caused by under nutrition. As a result the body’s growth hormone gets altered, which may cause permanent growth impairment if it is repeated over many seasons of wrestling, (Cochan, 2011. ) Any dietary restrictions in children who compete can also be harmful. Children, especially those who compete in intense levels of physical activity need a variety of nutrients. Since they are still growing and developing, many fats and carbohydrates are needed to keep the body fueled. If not, dietary restrictions may also reduce protein nutrition and muscular performance, (Health Canada, 2011). Proper Techniques Although cutting weight will never be considered something extremely healthy, there are methods of cutting weight that do less harm to the body. You read "Cutting Weight in Combat Sports" in category "Essay examples" People can cut weight properly over a long period of time through dieting and water manipulation. A simple low carb diet can help anybody two to three pounds per week. As long as the diet is still feeding the body the necessary nutrients, like water, only a small and necessary amount carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins and minerals, it will still have enough energy to exercise intensely and slowly lose weight, (Landry, 2009). For example, after an intense workout or practice, eating a fruit would benefit the body. The simple sugars are carbohydrates that help replenish muscles after being worked very hard. This can be consumed instead of a calorie-high and carb-loaded protein drink. Another way losing weight that is less harmful to the body is known as water manipulation. Athletes are able to â€Å"trick† their body into thinking that it is consuming more water, then it actually is. For example, in the week leading up to the weigh in, for two days an athlete will drink eight litres of water. He or she will let the body adjust to this enormous amount of water being consumed. Naturally, the body will rid the excess water. After the two days, he or she will cut down to four litres, which is still a large amount. The body is still taking in more water than necessary, and is still ridding a large amount. This can help an athlete lose from 5-7 pounds in the days leading up to a weigh in. Effects on Performance After being dehydrated for an extended period of time, the body takes a prolonged time to rehydrate. According to The Wrestler Diet, by Roger Landry and others, the body intakes â€Å"only about two pints [of water] per hour, and takes up to 48 hours for the water balance tissue in your muscles to be restored,†. Different bodies, however, react differently. Athletes who have been dieting responsibly and are used to competing may be more familiar with restoring their bodies before a tournament. Ioannis Barbas did a study on twelve Greco – Roman wrestlers and how they recovered from the average weight cutting process during the tournament. Through his study he discovered a number of things like which matches in the day were the hardest for most athletes – that being the fourth match- , when the athletes found themselves most tired and so on. He did this by recording performance measurements, muscle damage assessments, and blood sampling before and after every match. He also found that these wrestlers were able to overcome weight loss routines before tournaments and preform very well and up to their usual abilities. Another factor that may affect the performances of combat sport competitors may be improper diets. Other professional and amateur sports that do not focus on weight have the advantage of consuming many high calorie and high carb foods that would fuel the body with necessary nutrients during their competition. Meanwhile, athlete who are concerned about their weight are restricting these types of foods so he or she can make the desired weight class. In other words, these athletes are not getting proper nutrients, which may affect the athlete’s performance, (Smith). However, if the athlete loses the weight responsibly and avoids dehydration as much as possible, the recovery should be maximal. If an athlete has been dehydrated for a short period of time, and rehydrates with water and electrolytes after the weigh in the negative effects should be minimal, (Barbas, 2010). Average Cuts The average amount of weight that is cut by athletes strongly depends on the sport, and the level of competition. For example, professional UFC fighters are going to cut more than a rookie high school wrestler. Professional UFC fighters are known to cut anywhere from 20 to 45 pounds, (Wong, 2010). This is an extremely large amount, but most of it is done over a long period of time and carefully, considering this is what they do as a profession. High school and university level wrestlers could drop a simple five pounds to 15 pounds over time, (McAllister, 2011). Prevention of Weight Cutting With the number of deaths and injuries that have occurred from athletes cutting weight, there had to be changes made. The consequences of cutting weight are very extreme, yet many athletes continue to do so in a very reckless way. In the United States, collegiate wrestling competitions have changed the weigh in date from the evening before the competition, to the day of the competition. This helps reduce the chance of athletes cutting weight by giving them less time to recover after dehydration and starvation. The less time to recover, the less likely the athlete will perform well, and therefore an athlete is less likely to cut. The NCAA has also recently taken many steps to reduce the chances of athletes cutting weight. They have banned competitors of practicing in a room that is hotter than 80 degrees Fahrenheit, self – induced vomiting, and extensive fluid and/or food restrictions, (Loma, 2010). Another common restriction that has been made is the banning of sauna suits. This is a decent compromise to athletes because the act of weight cutting can still be done, but in a much less dangerous way. Sauna suits are very dangerous and can easily overheat an athlete. Conclusion Cutting weight is an unhealthy part of combat sports. Nonetheless, it is a part of the sport. Unfortunately, the small amount of attention the media gives to these combat sports, such as wrestling, tend to be more negative and focused on extreme cases of athletes cutting large amounts of weight. As a result of the lack of attention, the sports are not thoroughly understood, particularly the concept of cutting weight. Cutting weight does have detrimental effects on the body, especially young, growing children. But if it is executed properly, then the negative effects are negligible. If athletes do monitor their weight cutting process over time and very carefully, they will be able to compete near their fullest potential. If cutting weight, and other misconceptions about combat sports had more exposure, it would be understood that cutting weight is just another part of the sport that demonstrates hard work and extreme sacrifices. Works Cited Barbas, I. , (Nov 27th, 2010). , Physiological and performance adaptations of elite Greco-Roman wrestlers during a one-day tournament. , Retrieved from http://www. fila-official. com/images/FILA/documents/stages/2010/Barbas_physiological_performance_adaptations_gr. pdf on Feb 20th, 2012. Bina, A. , (Feb 2011). , Why is College Wrestling Unpopular? Retrieve from How to cite Cutting Weight in Combat Sports, Essay examples

Business Models and Things Environment

Question: Discuss about the Business Models and Things Environment. Answer: Introduction For any organization to prosper in the fast racing world requires effective technology sources and smart way to deliver. The firm requires efficient, smart and feasible technologies and architectures. In addition it will also need real time decision making and analytical approach. Today it is very crucial for every company to adopt with growing technologies or it may face a failure or shortage in a long run (Amadeo, Marica, et al). For a critical survival a company needs to adapt every now then developing in accordance with the competitors. Internet of things (IOT) plays a great role in todays business. It is simply a network of products which has to be connected to internet (Al-Fuqaha, Ala, et. al.). This provides the product to connect to the other through their own IP addresses for implicating the tasks automatically. The present report addresses the critical challenges faced by a home appliance manufacturing company. The company deals in making mobile phones and other home appliances like blenders, washing machines and others. The company does not run a large scale business but is into developing it into a big giant like Samsung or L.G. It works for various application services, legacy system maintenance, new application development, offshore programming and staff augmentation. In order to take the company to new heights its essential to place the company the way other giants work with the Internet of Things. Statement of the problem Every growing organization faces certain issues in the way of development of the organization. The present company too faces several challenges and is lying back from the market advancements. The organization faces a strong competition in this market. With development in information system and the way business is marketed, this area has some tough competitors. With Internet of Things proliferating in the market at an implausible pace, soon it may become the dominant force in the technology-related market (Atzori). The company does not have proper predefined methodologies or IOT driven networks to make place for more efficient work methods. The organization provides integrated digital technology and mobile phone services for both the virtual and real world. The organization highlighted above is not being able to deliver much with efficiency. It does not have efficient set of networks. The company will surely require advanced integration and streaming analytics (Barrett and John). Neither the devices nor other things are attached to the network. The people connected to the company want to avoid the need for moving from one app to the other and want their work to progress with much fluidity. Analysis of the cause of the problem The organization requires analyzing the problem widely so that an efficient solution can be devised for better functioning of the company. For an in-depth analysis of the root cause of the problems, Porters five competitive forces can be used. Porters five forces is a framework which makes an analysis of the competition in the present market and the development of the business strategy (Da Xu et. al.). It helps in drawing out all the possible economics which can drive the company with intensified working and attractiveness. This tool is small but way too powerful. The analysis provides a clear idea of where the strength of the business situation lies. Porters tool can analyze the future scope of the business too. Once an organization can identify the strengths it can take clear and positive advantage in a way improving the weak situation. Earlier with advances in the IT technology the business operations saw automation of several but restricted processes. Porters model witnesses upsurge of internet of things in every aspect of the business operation seems to get connected with internet and getting automated (Drucker, Peter). Such automation will not only leverage the previous production, product design, sales or marketing rather it will offer more like product security and data analysis. Porters believe is that this may result in improvement of value-chain based productivity. The adoption of IOT in the organization will surely reshape its future productivity and will provide potential competitive landscape. Suppliers bargaining power The first force of Porters model is suppliers bargaining power. The IOT might smartly connect and revolutionize the present supplier system. The vendors often play important role and become immensely important for any organization (Fleisch). Nevertheless, with the IOT in the business operation the supplier may lose their demand as the connected and smart technology can provide more in comparison. Sooner or later the Conventional suppliers may even be commoditized and substituted by the software. The traditional suppliers may find it difficult while it forms the base of the emergence of the new and powerful suppliers who may bring to the market the commodities of the IOT like sensors, operating system, and data storage and software connectivity (Gao, Lingling, and Xuesong Bai). The organization here deals with the traditional suppliers and requires automation of its processes from the new market suppliers Amazon, Google just like other brands Samsung, LG or Panasonic. The suppliers wh o provide smart services can be connected to the end-users taking their responses and will be able to deliver new products. Porters model mentions in the second point the Buyers bargaining power. It is considered to change the future shape of the manufacturing industry. The products developed with the Internet of things would be smarter and connected (Meyer et. al.). The means that the market will have product differentiation and the measure for it will not be price only. The organization right now does not focus on the Internet of things for their product manufacturing and their infrastructure. This might degrade their buyer bargaining power. Understanding the need of the consumers and improving their product range in accordance to that and setting other factors like tailoring of product in such fashion, fixing the price and providing value added services may increase their bargaining power in the market (Gubbi, et al.). Engaging IOT reduces the need for relying on the distribution or certain associated services. The Buyer power includes various components like number of customers, competition in the mar ket, ability to substitute and size of the orders. Porters model here proves that the buyers force does not support the organization and might face issue in future. Rivalry or tough competition Rivalry or tough competition is the third force in the porters model. It plays an important role in any business rising and its downfall too (Mineraud, Julien, et al.). The product differentiation separates a business provider from the other which creates a shift in demand of that particular product. If a business enhances its services and provides other value added services then the consumers starts to engage more with them considering it more appealing than the other similar business provider (Glova). The products developed with IOT and implemented with help of software may add an extra advantage making the product different from the other manufacturers product luring more number of customers (Ng, Irene, and Susan). The organization presently has tough competition in the market and has the possibility to gain over them with the IOT incorporated in the product. The switching cost can be a glitch for the organization for changing the infrastructure and the product design. Nevertheles s the customer loyalty towards the organization may pack back as a competitive advantage to the company. The other companies like Samsung and Panasonic have adopted IOT in their system as well as their products which take them ahead of the company under consideration. Porter defines it essential for any organization to offer more and more competitive advantage for the business health and enhanced productivity and profit (Perera et. al.). The analysis conducted shows a drawback for the organization or it can be said that the porters third force does not favors the organization. Porters fourth model advocates threats of new entrants into the market. The new entrants may face the issues of high fixed costs, embedded technology, complex product design and well developed IT infrastructure (Porter, Michael and James). Here the present organization faces an advantage as the company is already an established one. This provides it with the opportunity of being the first-mover capturing the market at early instances. The companies entering with a new product or are new to the market faces lots of barrier which results in decreasing the product profit line or results in loss of product sale. The new entrants in the market require taking extra care about the product that they are designing or about to launch along with the pricing. The entrants designing a similar product which already exists in the market or marking a product with some skyrocketing costs may make the product suffer along with the productivity and profitability important for the company (Riggins, Fred erick and Samuel). The company has already established a secure position in the market and does not faces any challenge under such circumstances. Nevertheless the pressure from the other advanced company who has already affectively applied the IOT in their infrastructure and the product may become a possible threat which is further discussed in the next force of the Porter model. A threat for a substitute in the market is described by porter as the fifth force in his model. He defines it as an important threat because it may damage the popularity of a present product. The two of the essential point which are substitutes performance and the cost of change need to look after. The organization presently can think of substituting their product in the market which may incur high cost to the company (Wortmann, Felix, and Kristina). The company can only be successful in substituting its product when it incorporates the IOT in their products. This way if the company gives an unmatched performance to the other product present in the market it may secure a strong position in the market (Gerpott, Torsten and Sebastian). They can present their smart connected product with great customer values and enhanced customization. On the other hand if the products of other company like Samsung are already ruling the market for being a smart connected product then it may get diffic ult for the company to capture the market like the other organization has done. The broader range of capabilities that the IOT products have makes it easier to replace the traditional products to take its place (Westerlund et.al.). The company has to look into making their products more smartly connected so that they can replace the existing product in the market. Samsung IOT solutions If an analysis is made in reference to a big organization like Samsung then it would be seen that the organization under evaluation is facing several challenges. Samsungs one of the efficient product IOT Gateway is being implanted very soon. It is an IOT based products which will prove efficient for communication in short range. Not only this, the product is being said to provide WiFi, Bluetooth Low energy and Zigbee all in a single product (www.samsung.com). Such kind of products leverages the companys image and productivity. The product is being stated to be used in school or offices for automatic light management depending upon the number of occupants present in the room so that an efficient management can be done and more energy can be saved. It can even track the occupants presence and thus can acts as an attendance tracker. The present company does not serve with any such devices and lags in the market thus. The company like Panasonic, Samsung and others are moving into the mar ket with such IOT making the smart and tough competitors to deal with. To give a competition or even enter the market it needs to renovate their whole manufacturing and product production methodologies. Recommendations The organization right now is facing severe or critical challenges which have to be addressed soon for developing the organization and reform it into the internet of things. The IT systems need to be prepared for dealing with the changes that shall be brought. Some of the prime changes recommended are: Retooling the organization for IOT: Retooling the technology facet may be a complex process and tedious too. Yet, the organization being consumer electronic has to withstand such change being in the market in the long run. Technology Standards: It should participate in the ongoing technological trends. Some examples like intelligent lightning system, safety management system and automatic attendance tracker system should be followed and matched. Strong connectivity: Every Internet of Things requires connecting to a strong network so that it can work faster and much efficiently. The organization should focus into manufacturing products implying the usage of good connection. Best and continuous- model for services and software: The organization should focus into upgrading their product so as to deliver software updates in continuous fashion. Conclusion The organization seems to be backed out specifically in innovation and implementation of IOT in their products. The important reason for it staying behind is the lack of sense of implementing new opportunities. This has made the organization suffer and might be a big reason for its failure in the long term. The organization is having a fair productivity but it may lower down somewhere in the near future. The organization should now focus on entering the market with some great substitutes so that it can re-establish itself in the market. The top priorities of the company should be to innovate and grow their productivity. Improving quality can be done by developing and providing the customers a reliable infrastructure which could ease their work more than just simply working. Intel helps in moving forward with IOT and building blocks towards success with related software and hardware. Such devices makes connectivity available all the time everywhere, it provides security management fea tures along with Wi-Fi making it more compelling for any other organization or consumers to opt. Creating flexible solution and deploying IOT solution will drive the adoption in market. Conclusively, it can be said that the organization is not innovating up to the mark and requires developing their course of work and manufacturing smart products based on Internet of Things. It is true that the Information and technology is in to transforming products for public benefit and enhanced efficiency. Execution of such technology is said to make the mechanical and electrical structure far more complex consisting of hardware, software, data storage, microcontrollers and sensors. Like the establishment of smart cities and grids the organization in the context also requires connecting its devices and all things to internet for better market advantage. These suppliers are becoming powerful as the business operations are being automated and this may lead to increase in their demand in the market. This would provide them a position in the competitive market. The products at organization in comparison to other competitors like LG, Samsung or Panasonic have made the consumers drive down the price as they prefer those brands over it. Along with all these development it is a companys responsibility to make sure that all its data are secure in the ecosystem of Internet of Things. References Al-Fuqaha, Ala, et al. "Internet of things: A survey on enabling technologies, protocols, and applications."IEEE Communications Surveys Tutorials17.4 (2015): 2347-2376. Amadeo, Marica, et al. "Information-centric networking for the internet of things: Challenges and opportunities."IEEE Network30.2 (2016): 92-100. Atzori, Luigi, Antonio Iera, and Giacomo Morabito. "From" smart objects" to" social objects": The next evolutionary step of the internet of things."IEEE Communications Magazine52.1 (2014): 97-105. Barrett, John. "Internet of Things."Date of Retrieval21 (2015). Da Xu, Li, Wu He, and Shancang Li. "Internet of things in industries: A survey."IEEE Transactions on industrial informatics10.4 (2014): 2233-2243. Drucker, Peter F. "Internet of Things." (2015). Fleisch, Elgar, Markus Weinberger, and Felix Wortmann. "Business models and the internet of things."Interoperability and Open-Source Solutions for the Internet of Things. Springer International Publishing, 2015. 6-10. Gao, Lingling, and Xuesong Bai. "A unified perspective on the factors influencing consumer acceptance of internet of things technology."Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistics26.2 (2014): 211-231. Gerpott, Torsten J., and Sebastian May. "Integration of Internet of Things components into a firms offering portfolioA business development framework."info18.2 (2016): 53-63. Glova, Jozef, Tom Sabol, and Viliam Vajda. "Business models for the internet of things environment."Procedia Economics and Finance15 (2014): 1122-1129. Gubbi, Jayavardhana, et al. "Internet of Things (IoT): A vision, architectural elements, and future directions."Future generation computer systems29.7 (2013): 1645-1660. https://www.samsung.com/global/business-images/insights/2016/Samsung-IoT-Solution-0.pdf. Meyer, Sonja, Andreas Ruppen, and Carsten Magerkurth. "Internet of things-aware process modeling: integrating IoT devices as business process resources."International Conference on Advanced Information Systems Engineering. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. Mindtools.Com, 2017, https://www.mindtools.com/media/Diagrams/porters-five-forces-2-new.jpg. Mineraud, Julien, et al. "A gap analysis of Internet-of-Things platforms."Computer Communications89 (2016): 5-16. Ng, Irene CL, and Susan YL Wakenshaw. "The Internet-of-Things: review and research directions."International Journal of Research in Marketing34.1 (2017): 3-21. Perera, Charith, Chi Harold Liu, and Srimal Jayawardena. "The emerging internet of things marketplace from an industrial perspective: A survey."IEEE Transactions on Emerging Topics in Computing3.4 (2015): 585-598. Porter, Michael E., and James E. Heppelmann. "How smart, connected products are transforming companies."Harvard Business Review93.10 (2015): 96-114. Riggins, Frederick J., and Samuel Fosso Wamba. "Research directions on the adoption, usage, and impact of the internet of things through the use of big data analytics."System Sciences (HICSS), 2015 48th Hawaii International Conference on. IEEE, 2015. Westerlund, Mika, Seppo Leminen, and Mervi Rajahonka. "Designing business models for the internet of things."Technology Innovation Management Review4.7 (2014): 5. Wortmann, Felix, and Kristina Flchter. "Internet of things."Business Information Systems Engineering57.3 (2015): 221-224.

Explain the Aims and Content of the Extra-Curricular Activity - Netball free essay sample

Extra-curricular activities can allow the child/young person to try out a wide range of activities that are not open to them during normal school hours or to gain additional skills and knowledge in the subjects/activities that they are particularly interested in. The aim of netball is to get the ball in the hoop and score more goals than the opposing team thus winning the match; aims for the child is to gain additional fitness, allow them to gain skills in netball (eye/hand co-ordination), work as a team, play individual roles (e. g. goal keeper/goal shooter) and to have a team that can compete against other schools. The activity should also be fun! The content of netball is what you actually do during the session. In netball the content involves the following: †¢teaching the game and rules of netball †¢ what each position does in terms of getting the ball to into the goal and what they are supposed to do †¢ the boundaries each position has inside the court †¢ the skills required, such as passing, shooting, hand-eye co-ordination and appropriate travelling The children are always made aware of what the content will be during that particular session before the activities begin. We will write a custom essay sample on Explain the Aims and Content of the Extra-Curricular Activity Netball or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page . 2 Explain the values or codes of practice relevant to the activity The values or codes of practice relate to belief systems and standards that need to be considered when carrying out an extra curriculum activity. There needs to be clear guidelines and rules so that the child/young person understands what is acceptable and what is not acceptable, in relation to behaviours/actions etc. The of netball club at Purley Oaks Primary School are closely tied to the school rules – whilst the activity is outside of normal school hours, the school rules still apply e. . ‘no running in the corridors’ is necessary during all hours that the child/young person is on the premises. The children understand the school rules and how they apply to netball club: †¢Sharing – making sure that everybody has a chance to handle to ball and to play each position †¢Caring – netball is a non-contact sport and so anyone getting hurt at the fault of another player is not tolerated. The children must be careful of their surroundings †¢Listening – Listen to the coach and listen to team mates. This is important for safety and also winning! Learning – making sure that the techniques are practiced effectively and always asking for help in the event of any confusion †¢Ourselves – taking part in warm ups and arriving on time in the correct attire to keep safe during the activity The values include respect for self and respect for others and are related to personal, social health economic education (PSHE) and citizenship education. In terms of netball the rules of the game are clear and standardized but will always be related back to the school rules to keep the environment safe. References Book – Supporting Teaching and Learning in Schools (Primary) pages 300-314

Age Discrimination essays

Age Discrimination essays One of the worst types of discriminations next to that of racial or ethnic discrimination is age discrimination. A persons age should never be a factor in how they are treated. Once we reach the age where we can make logical conscious decisions on our own, we should be treated like everybody else. Age discrimination is predominant because the majority of this worlds inhabitants have unfair and old-fashion ideas or beliefs with respect to two age groups in particular. These two groups that are discriminated against the most are the young and old. Once a person reaches the age of eighteen in America they are given the privilege of voting. Unfortunately, at the same time they are robbed of certain rights. I have always disagreed with the law in which adults under the age of 21 cannot purchase or consume alcohol legally. This law seems completely contradictory to me; I dont understand how our government can give us the right to choose our leaders or be sent off to war and given a machine gun and told to kill the enemy but deny us the right to legally buy a case of beer. This just does not make sense. This is only one example of how the youth of America are discriminated against based on their age. Another predominant example is with respect to wages. People under the age of 21 usually get paid less than older people for doing the same job. This is a major problem in todays workplace. In order to correct this problem we need to focus our attention on paying peoples wages based on their skill and performance of their duties. If a 16 and a 43-year old both have the same skills doing the same job they should be paid the same. Some people argue that older people should be paid more than youths because they have more financial duties and responsibilities than younger people. In order to make a high amount of money you need to posses certain skills and attributes that not many other people have. This is the reas...

Augmentative and alternative means of communication for teaching Essay - 1

Augmentative and alternative means of communication for teaching students with severe disabilities - Essay Example American Speech-Language-Hearing Association has identified that â€Å"there are over 2 million individuals in the United States who cannot reply on speech as their primary means of communication† (Vinson, 2001, p. 139). This statistics reveal the scope and importance of AAC in the United States. These learners are subjected to various types of cognitive and physical deficits which add to their speech deficits in their developmental period. It has been identified that other systems of augmentative and alternative communication, such as gestures, sign language, picture or word boards, alphabet boards, and systems with synthesized or digitized speech are better suited for such students with severe disabilities. The rights of students with severe disabilities have long been recognized. There have been a good number of legislations that sought to address the issue of teaching students with severe disability through various augmentative and alternative communication means. ... e both augmentative and alternative means of communication present, explores the various ways they are being practiced today and tries to offer suggestions with regard to the instructional strategies that are being employed as part of the AAC. It is significant to understand the meaning and depth of augmentative and alternative means of communication for students with severe disabilities. Augmentative system of communication has long been discussed and researched upon. As Browder points out, â€Å"an augmentative system of communication may be used to assist students who have either expressive or receptive communication problems† (Browder, 2001, p. 312). Augmentative systems of communication can be categorized as either aided or unaided. While the aided system makes use of such instructional devices as picture wallets, communication boards, or computer system, the unaided system resorts to natural instructional methods such as hand gestures or manual signing. However, it is si gnificant to make use of the most effective augmentative communication system in accordance with the learners’ various social contexts. Alternative means of communication generally refers to such communication devices that enable students who cannot speak to communicate using other means. For Duran â€Å"accommodations, adaptations, and assistive technology all enable children with disabilities to fully participate in typical home, school, and community activities† (Duran, 2006, p. 79-80). Participative learning can very well be employed in the case of learners with severe disabilities. For instance, a child who is unable to write the letters may be assisted by another student in a general education class with the help of a keyboard or some other assistive technology devices. It is worthwhile to

Lincoln Presidency against that of Johnson Essay

Lincoln Presidency against that of Johnson - Essay Example Precisely the paper will argue out if the Lincoln administration was worthy of more praise than Johnson’s presidency. The first crucial policy enforcement that Lincoln is highly accredited for over his predecessors and successors was the Emancipation of Slaves who hugely consisted of African Americans. President Buchman, Lincoln, and Johnson all believed that the Constitution protected the institution of slavery (Jones, 1999). However, Lincoln alone understood that the constitution and the union that it had created would be preserved only by redefining the principles on which the country was cemented upon, such as all men are created equal. This led to the passing of the second confiscation act in 1862 in a move to weaken the rebellion that opposed Lincoln by freeing the slaves since most of the rebel leaders were slave owners. Furthermore, the emancipation declaration that Lincoln brought into effect was to free slaves even in states that were not under the union control. As one of Lincoln’s officials pointed out Lincoln was the first great man, who talked in the United States in a manner th at suggestively deemed that there was no difference between any two people, especially on the differences of color (Jones, 1999). In respect to domestic policies, Lincoln led to a myriad of substantial changes in the government policies that faced an impetus force of resistance. Lincoln created the first income tax in an attempt to finance the war and implemented military drafts that led to huge uproar and riots in the New York City. These and many other policies that Lincoln incorporated during his rule were meant to restore the union, which happened to be an overwhelming priority during his term. On the other hand, Johnson’s first priority was the restoration of the state and some of his notable contributions include, the halting of the construction of Bozeman trail.

The great chain of being Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The great chain of being - Term Paper Example The hierarchical links defined all the aspects of the community including religion, politics and social scopes. Although there was great resistance to change and the kings fought against distortion the great chain, change was encroaching into this kingdom. The government developed policies that allowed distortion of these systems leading to change in the political, social and religious structures. By the end of the 18th century, it is clear that the change had taken place and the great chain was considerably broken. In this light, the various efforts dedicated to maintain balance failed, paving way for new government structures. In the Tudor dynasty, the great chain of being was a universal hierarchy that was both independent and interdependent. The top of the chain was God, who the people believe to have the greatest power over them and worshipped Him. The spirits and Angels followed in this hierarchy. Among human beings, there were divisions between various categories of people. They were categorized as gentlemen, the citizens and Burgesses, the Yeomen, and the laborers in the order of decreasing power (Bucholz and Key 4-5). As you trespass down the chain, the level of power reduced and the people become more subject to others. This hierarchy also defined the way they passed over power from one generation to the next. For instance, King left their power to their successors while Knights were appointees. The belief that prevailed is that this order was universal and there was no way that it would change. The kings maintained a centralized government structure by vesting all the power on the governance. A c hange of this structure was tantamount to sin and it would lead to imbalance of the hierarchy. With this kind of belief, the system remained fixed and the kings had the responsibility to defend this order and maintain the balance of the chain. The Kings fought against any changes in the formal government

Mobile Sensor Network for Indoor Environment

Mobile Sensor Network for Indoor Environment 4 node sensor network without collisions. Update of every sensor reading in the network at least once per second (available from all nodes). Single frequency channel (i.e. no frequency multiplexing permitted). Error checking (CRC) included to ( Measure at least 2 parameters (e.g. temp, light..) Data presented on serial I/O port in a format that is easily readable on a text terminal. 1. Background knowledge 1.1. System structure The aim of this coursework is to design a mobile sensor network for an indoor environment, communicating with a 2.4 GHz wireless link (IEEE 802.15.4). All the sensor nodes can realize data link, which means each board can get others information. All the sensor boards have the function of receiver link to the computer, and can present the sensor data (for all nodes in the network) to the serial I/O port in a format which is easily to be understand on a text terminal. If the nod which connected to pc is broken, the other 3 nodes can replace it and realize the function of receiver. Each sensor node will include a number of sensors interfaced to a microprocessor (for our group temperature, sounds, touch and light). The microprocessor will gather sensor data, communicate with other sensor nodes via a wireless transceiver, implement a network protocol and provide a PC interface via a serial I/O port for data display. The structure of whole system is as follow: Figure 1 Architecture of Wireless Sensor Network 1.2. Basic hardware The principle hardware used in this project is the PICDEM Z [3] development board from Microchip Technology Inc. There is a PIC18F4620 microcontroller on every node board and every group has 4 board available. The PICDEM Z has a prototyping area which must not be used for circuit construction. First, we need veroboard to construct a circuit, then interface it to the header J6. The next figure shows the structure of the board. Figure 1 The structure of the board And we also have other devices can use in this course: 1. 9V DC power socket (J1) for operation from mains adaptor. 2. 9V battery terminal (BT1) for mobile operation. 3. ICD connector (J5) for connection to MPLAB ICD3 in-system programmer/debugger cable. 4. RS232 serial port connector (P1) for connection to PC COM port. 5. Microchip MRF24J40 2.4GHz transceiver module connected to J2. 6. LEDS RA0 and RA1 for indication. 7. Push buttons RB4 and RB5 for simple logic input. 8. Header J6 giving access to analog and digital I/O pins Vcc (3.3V) and GND. This may be used to interface additional sensors. 1.3. Microchip MRF24J40 2.4GHz The MRF24J40 wireless transceiver [5] provides the physical layer for your wireless communication network. This is a 2.4GHz (IEEE 802.15.4 compliant) device which transmits data rates up to 250kbps and is connected to the PIC via SPI bus, as well as a small number of digital I/O pins. The picture of Wireless transceiver is as follow. 1.4. MPLAB-ICD MPLAB-ICD is an inexpensive development tool for MICROCHIPs PIC16F87X series MCU. MPLAB-ICD is an online debugger, and a programmer. It works in the MPLAB-IDE integrated development environment, and use online serial programming technology of MICROCHIP (In-Circuit Serial Programming), the monitoring program is embedded to achieve real-time simulation in the simulation of the MCU (PIC16F87X). The simulation head is directly connected to the MCU socket of the application system, running the users application as a PIC16F87X. The picture of MPLAB-ICD is as follow. 1.5. Wireless sensor network Wireless Networks use radio waves, infrared, or any other wireless media to link to any devices. It can cover a large area, in which case it will be called a Wireless WAN, or it can cover an area or some floor of building, such as school, hospital and railway station, in that case Wireless LAN (WLAN) appear and describe the situation[4]. It appears a large number of wireless communication standards nowadays, including ZigBee, Wi-Fi, WiMax, GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications) et al. Wireless sensor network (background) became a more and more popular way to solve the problems of large-scale tracking and monitoring applications because it has low-data-rate, low-energy-consumption, and short-range link network [1]. It give people a chance to monitor and control the physical world in a more simple way. WSN applications include many ways in our life, such as industrial monitoring, security, electronics industry, military sensing, asset tracking and home automation. WSNs research has mainly pay attention to energy consumption, routing and data transmission, particularly focusing on collecting and data summary in specific networks with an associated sink node, called a WSN gateway [1]. Some research has carried out the interface of different sensor networks for a single or complex applications. Wireless sensor networks is aimed to monitor and control the physical data of environmental conditions at remove locations and it can collect their data to a main location and send their control command to achieve the result of remote control. A WSN includes plenty nodes, ranging from a few to hundreds and thousands, in addition each node may be linked to one or more other nodes. One node can be designed for carrying out one or more different sensors which have various functions and we can also design combined sensors choice to complete complex use or exchange data with another network[4]. A node for sensing is called a sensor node, everyone can collect the data of other sensor node. As a result, any place with a sensor node can get all the data with a very fast speed at any time. 1.6. Error detection Cyclic Redundancy Check Error detection segment is necessary in a data transmitting system since the correctness and efficiency of data transmitting must be ensured. In this project, there are 3 approaches which can be applied to error detection: parity bit, check sum and cyclic redundancy check (CRC). Parity bit is also known as check bit, the function of which is to judge whether a number of 1-bits in the string is even or odd by adding a bit to a string of binary code. The realisation is that the bits with value 1 is counted for even parity while the coding reverses for odd parity. Although parity bit is easy to implement, the shortcoming is apparent that only when there are 1, 3, 5, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ bit(s) errors can the error be detected. The principle for check sum is to define a string with a small size with designed algorithm of calculating, and the result of the calculations of before and after the transmitting will be different even the data changes slightly so the error could be detected in this way. Similar to parity bits, the disadvantage of check sum is that error cant be detected under some circumstances. Cyclic redundancy check (CRC) is a method of error detection that is easyto be implemented by shift register and look-up table in S/W. The process is shown in figure1. In this project the value of P(z) is 0x91 (11001 in reversed binary) which is known as generator polynomial and the divider. Assuming that the data needed to be transmitted is 110011000, then we have the message polynomial D(z). C(z) is the remainder which is calculated by D(z) divided by P(z). The realization of division operation is by XOR. Only when the least significant bit of 1 byte of the message is 1 will it XOR with CRC polynomial, then we should shift it to the next bit and repeat the XOR. At the transmitter, the string of CRC depends on the whole frame on a bit-by-bit basis with binary division. And at the receiver, the received bit string is again divided by the same bit-by-bit basis with a serial shift register. The resultant CRC result should be all zeros at the end of the frame, or there must be errors in the process of data transmitting. Grahame Smillie, 10 Bit error detection and correction, In Analogue and Digital Communication Techniques, Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxf ord, 1999, Pages 185-230, ISBN 9780340731253, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-034073125-3/50012-7. 2. System Design 2.1. Sensor design and calibration and Analogic digital converter ADC In our group 4 kinds of sensor are designed to meet the requirement, and they are temperature sensor, light sensor, touch sensor and sound sensor. In order to obtain data from all the 4 sensors in the wireless network, a PCB board is required to connect to the sensor node board. In the lab, a breadboard is available for testing the circuit. When finishing the circuit on the breadboard, it can be interfaced to PC to have a preliminary test. If done, a PCB board will be used to finish the final product which can connect to node board. The method of calibration is to get the value of light, sound, temperature or touch that is detected using physical measurement. For example, if the temperature of the environment T0 and the result of the ADC conversion D0 that collected by the sensor in the same testing environment are known, we can derive the proportional function of temperature and ADC data with another pair of coordinate (T1, D1), which is obtained by changing the temperature of testing. Then the code that controlling display of temperature value should be modified so that by the time the temperature of the environment changes, the displaying value on the PC is exactly the temperature. Code for this part is shown as following: 2.1.1. Temperature sensor Negative Temperature Coefficient (NTC) thermistors are temperature sensitive semiconductor resistors which decrease in resistance value when absolute temperature increasing. Change in the resistance of NTC thermistor can be brought about either by a change in the ambient temperature or internally by self-heating resulting from current flowing through the device. (NTC Thermistor Discs and Chips | Ametherm, Ametherm, 2017. [Online]. Available: http://www.ametherm.com/thermistor/disc-and-chip-ntc-thermistors. [Accessed: 07- Jan- 2017].) Most of the practical applications of NTC thermistors are based on these material characteristics. Time and temperature are two of the most frequently measured variables. There are various ways to measure temperature electronically, most normal is by thermocouples and negative temperature coefficient (NTC) thermistors. In addition, NTC temperature sensors can operate over a wide temperature range (-55 to +300 °C). They are stable throughout a long time, and are small and cheaper than other kind. [3] Figure 1 circuit of Temperature Sensor It can be seen in the figure 1 that temperature Sensor is a more complex circuit design. On the left part It=Vcc/(R1+Rt) and Vt=Vcc*Rt/(Rt+R1), then connect the line to the positive side of the LM358 amplifier to amplify circuit and Vt becomes the input of the amplifier. After that, use formula V0 = Vt*(1+R3/R2) to get the voltage value of v0. From this formula we can know, the value of V0 depends on R3 and R2, so R3 and R2 are both simply chosen 10 Ohm. Then the voltage value of V0 is exactly twice as much as that of Vt. Next use formula to transfer ADC data to temperature, when it comes to the lab temperature (23 degrees Celsius), ADC data is 613. While it comes to the people body temperature (abort 38 degrees Celsius), ADC data become 530. Finally, we can calculate the linear parameters by these two sets of data. 2.1.2. Light sensor The Light Sensor is a passive devices that transfer light energy visible or invisible into a output of voltage signal. Thus Light sensors are more commonly known as Photoelectric Devices or Photo Sensors [2]. Photoelectric devices can be classified into two main categories, those which generate electricity when illuminated, such as Photo-voltaics or Photo-emissives etc, and those can change their electrical data (voltage) in some way such as Photo-resistors or Photo-conductors. [2] Light sensor is the easiest sensor of our 4 sensor, so we also use the simplest structure, when luminance become strong, the value of photosensitive resistance become larger. Thus the voltage of Vt increase which result in the raise ADC data. Then use formula to transfer ADC data to luminance, when it is dark (lux 0), ADC data is 30. While it comes to the lab light (about 330 lux), ADC data become 895. Finally, We can calculate the linear parameters by these two sets of data 2.1.3. Sound sensor 2.1.4. Touch sensor The MPR121 is the second-generation sensor controller after the initial release of the MPR03x series devices. The MPR121 will feature increased internal intelligence in addition to Freescales second generation capacitance detection engine. Some of the major additions include an increased electrode count, a hardware configurable I 2Caddress, an expanded filtering system with debounce, and completely independent electrodes with auto-configuration built in. The device also features a 13th simulated electrode that represents the simultaneous charging of all the electrodes connected together to allow for increased proximity detection in a touch panel or touch screen array [5]. 2.3. Time Division Multiple Access TDMA It is required that there are at least 4 nodes of sensor without collision in a wireless transmitting network based on a certain channel. Each sensor must be ensured to be able to receive and transmit, in other words, each node can serve as both a receiver and a transmitter. The node which connects to the PC is responsible for the display of the data that collected by each sensor and each sensor is supposed to send the data string to the chosen node within 1 second. There will be collision with the four nodes if we dont define the order of the data transmitting and receiving or just simply define by applying time delay, hence TDMA is necessary to meet requirements above. TDMA is a method of communication technique that derived from the P2S (parallel to serial) conversion. In the process of TDMA of this project, receivers obtain a same signal at the same time but only the appointed receiver reacts and does the next action, which is then transmitting and serving as new transmitter, and the new transmitter will wait for the next appointment without doing nothing unless it is appointed once again, which means it gets the same order in a new loop. The process repeats and there will not be data collision in the transmitting and receiving. As is illustrated in figure2, there are 4 nodes so 4 slots are needed in 1 second according to the requirement, hence each slot takes up 0.25 second, during which time of period each node should finish data transmitting, so the calculation of the time that is needed for sending and receiving is necessary. 2.3.1. Data packet structure 2.3.2. Timers We apply timer0 to control the time of running, different initial values have been given to timer0 in each slot so that transmitting and receiving within 1 second without collision can be ensured. In this case, node 4 is the main node which connects to the PC. The start of the process is the transmitting of node 4, and by the time other 3 nodes receive data from node 4, the text packet ID of the transmitter will be checked and only node 3, which is the transmitted ID 4 minus 1, will display the data that collected by node 4 and transmit its own data collected by its sensor. Following actions will be carried out by node 2, and node 1 within a certain time of period, like shown in figure3. Figure3 4. IoT Data Service and Visualisation

A Comparison of Social Classes in America vs. 1984 :: Comparison Compare Contrast Essays

Social Classes in America vs. 1984 If you have ever read the book 1984 by George Orwell, then an interesting topic may have crossed your mind. The way the classes of people break down can be quite similar, and very different at times. In the United States, we have classes like the lower class, the working class, and the middle class. In 1984, there were such classes as the Proles, the Outer Party, and the Inner Party. The way the classes are broken down in 1984 reminds me a little bit of my old history class. When I studied medieval times and the classes back then were broken down into the nobles, the bourgeois, and the serfs. It is really interesting to break down the separate classes and find their similar details and their different details. Obviously the differences are greater in number and some of them fairly extreme. But that is to be expected. In my opinion, the way Orwell wrote the book makes his world seem more like a dystopia than a utopia. The only community that I have seen that I would even consider calling a utopia is "Star Trek." I just can't see Oceania as being a perfect vision of happiness. Everyone is constantly being watched, people aren't allowed to have their own thoughts, their past history is entirely made up. I don't see how it could get much worse than that. Unless you are a member of the Inner Party. They can have their own thoughts and aren't watched all the time. The lowest class in Oceania, the Proles, can also have their own thoughts. But "Nobody cares what the proles say"(Orwell, p11). So their thoughts never really get heard or paid any attention to at least. The Inner Party basically runs things and they only do what they want. They have no reason to listen to the proles. To more clearly describe the classes in 1984, I will describe some of the characteristics of the three parties. Each member of the Outer Party had a telescreen in their home that monitored every move they made. The telescreen could not be turned off. They were forced to wear an expression of quiet optimism when facing the telescreeen (Sheppard). The party members had to wear blue overalls and were given a limited number of coupons to trade for clothes, food, and other things such as that.

Changes to the United States from 1770-1870 Essay

The United States changed so many things from 1770 to 1870. The population increased drastically, from 2,148,100 in 1770 to 38,558,371 in 1870. The increase in population is caused by immigration of people to the US and slavery was another cause. Slavery and population had a big affect on the next 100 years of the United States history. The US also changed diversely with new innovations like roads, waterways, railroads, steam boats, and refrigerated railroad cars. A few new innovations that changed or improved from 1776 to 1870 are the roadways, waterways, railroads, steam boats, and refrigerated railroad cars. Roadways were an innovation that created a way for easier, and faster transportation. Waterways were also a way for transportation, to cut out a lot of land, and cut out time. Waterways are a faster way for trade and barter. Steam boats were what pioneers used to travel down the waterways to trade and sell goods. Railroads were still used for closer travel, with items that did not need to get there as fast as possible, because railroad cars do not move very fast, although the steam engine improved the speed of transportation also. The United States did make rather large changes over 100 years, from 1776 to 1870. It all started with the signing of the Declaration of Independence, which lead to us fighting for our freedom. During this period of time the constitution was ratified, the Revolutionary war ends, and the Louisiana Purchase takes place. Factories advanced and cities were industrializing, and many different machines were invented that changed the way the industrial world worked. Women played an important role in the changes that were made in the US during this century. Women were not just the â€Å"stay at home and clean† women anymore, they were aloud to join the workforce and take on roles that before, only the men were aloud to have. The constitution was ratified during this time also. The United States changed in so many ways over a century. People grew in knowledge and ability to create these machines that changed the workforce. Factories were improved and the cities industrialized and caused many people to migrate to the US causing the population to increase drastically. Slavery had always been a big issue in the US, and it was decreased immensely, although the blacks were still segregated. The machines that were built innovated the way the people thought and created a new ball park for new innovators to create new things to keep the world moving forward.

Free Essays on Contrasting Different Thinking Styles

and can understand and comprehend around 20,000.... Free Essays on Contrasting Different Thinking Styles Free Essays on Contrasting Different Thinking Styles Contrast the thinking styles of three year-old and seven year-olds. When contrasting the difference in thinking styles amongst three year-olds and seven year-olds, a number of things are brought to attention. First off, usually at the age of 3 children are able to understand that thinking goes on inside the mind and that it can actually deal with either real or imaginary things, that someone can be thinking of one thing while doing or looking at another, that a person whose eyes and ears are covered can think about objects, and most kids at this age realize that thinking is totally different from seeing, talking, toughing, and knowing. These kids, at the age of three have a hard time realizing that the mental activity in the brain never ever stops. However, once they reach the age of 7, most of these children begin to understand this concept. At the age of 3, they also have no idea that they talk to themselves in their heads. Once they hit the age of 7, they can understand that people who are asleep do not engage in conscious mental activity. When talking about false beliefs and deception, it is stated that three-year-olds fail to recognize false beliefs, and this is believed to stem from egocentric thinking. These children tend to believe that everyone else knows what they know and believes what they do. By the age of 7 however, children can begin to realize that two people who see or hear the same thing may react or interpret it differently. One last thing that is important to factor when discussing the thinking styles of these two ages is vocabulary. This plays a key role because they greater the vocabulary, then the greater the mind. It is noted that three year-olds can use 900 to 1,000 different words and uses about 12,000 a day. By the age of 7 however, children have a vocabulary of right around 2,600 words and can understand and comprehend around 20,000....

Shakespeares Female Characters Essays

Shakespeares Female Characters Essays Shakespeares Female Characters Paper Shakespeares Female Characters Paper Essay Topic: The Taming Of the Shrew Come, you spirits, That tend on mortal thoughts, unsexes me here, And fill me from the crown to the toe top-full Of direst cruelty! demanded one of them furiously (Shakespeare 853). If I be waspish, best beware my sting, sneered the other (Shakespeare 333). Although they emerged nearly five centuries ago, the women who said these lines are undeniably two of Shakespearean most famous female characters. Lady Macbeth and Katherine are still known today as conspicuous figures in Shakespearean plays. The first stands out as a strong, manipulative, cunning woman; so ambitious to achieve her goal that she even becomes fear-provoking (Corning). The latter is prominent for her temper and feral exhibitions of rage. She is repulsed by mens attitudes toward her and repeatedly spits degrading Insults at them in fury. She Is revolted at the Idea of having to comply with her fathers wish of her wedding one of her wooers. Considering the time period Shakespeare lived in, one can conclude that the female characters in his plays behaved ways that was came as a shock to such a patriarchal society (Shakespearean unruly Women). Shakespeare portrayed them in roles that, for his era, were reserved strictly for men. Women of this era were not the strong, powerful, intelligent females we see in Macbeth, nor were they the Like the Ironic Katherine, who we meet In Taming of the Shrew, who even dares to strike Petroleum upon being angered by his Insolence. Females were not at all thus; they were creatures raised to believe themselves inferiors to men (Elizabethan Women). However, despite all this criticism, Shakespeare portrayed his female characters in a way that they transcended the pre-established constraints of his time. This portrayal of women is due to the Elizabethan periods influence. By having an unmarried woman as a monarch, he was inclined towards writing plays that pleased her. In order to understand Shakespearean representation of women, it Is necessary to take Into account the era he lived In. One must consider the roles and expectations for women in his society. As mentioned above, Shakespeare lived in the Elizabethan period. Queen Elizabeth Tudor I assumed the throne as an unmarried woman and remained unmarried throughout her entire life (Thomas). Her reign brought innovative ideas about women to England. Even though they could not attend universities, some upper class females were able to receive a basic education. Some were even taught to speak different languages, play Instruments, and dance (Elizabethan Women). However, the Elizabethan era is rather paradoxical. The irony of it lies in the fact that despite having a single woman as a monarch, the situation for women in society, particularly for single women, did not improve significantly. Women were expected to be the stereotypical stay-at-home mothers that they had always been. The unmarried women of the Elizabethan society minded Limited to certain roles. At a certain point, women had two alternatives; marriage or Tie at a nunnery. However, rater monasteries were terminate, ten only option left for them was marriage; household service (The Role of Unmarried Women ). When Shakespeare was hired by an acting company called Lord Chamberlains Men, he first came into close contact with the queen (Finely). Queen Elizabeth was a frequent spectator of the companys plays. Shakespeare was faced with a slight dilemma. He had to write plays to please both an unmarried monarch, and a patriarchal society (Richardson). As a result, Shakespearean female characters turned out as something untraditional, yet by some degree, still the typical females of his era (Racking 67). Shakespearean female characters did depend on the male characters on some level (Corning). They depended on either on their fathers when they were young or on their husbands later on in life. An example of this can be observed in Othello, in the first act when Desman says that she owes her life, her up-bringing, and education to her father. Later on in the same act, Othello believes he will be away from her for some time. He requests that the duke provides her with accommodations and a monetary allowance in his absence (Shakespeare 827). Obviously, this implies that Desman would not be able to fend for herself while Othello is away. This accurately reflects the situation for women in the Elizabethan society. Desman depended first on her father, and then on Othello for money, food, and shelter. Even by going to early productions, the gender stereotypes for women could be observed. In early productions, the roles of the female characters were played by young men or boys whose voices hadnt changed. Having a female actress was regarded as something highly inappropriate and unnecessary. It was not a role for women (Duisenberg 7). Consequently, until the year 1660 there were no female actresses on stage (Thomas). Yet even though they did not appear on stage, Shakespearean female characters held surprisingly dominant roles (Milliard). To support this proposal, two of Shakespearean most prominent female characters will be analyzed. Different aspects of their behavior will be evaluated. The more powerful aspects as well as their weaker aspects will serve as evidence to support the proposal that Shakespearean female characters held dominant roles yet while on some level, till being characteristic of the Elizabethan era. Lady Macbeth is one of Shakespearean most prominent creations. Put simply, Lady Macbeth is full of evil. She is a ferocious, brutal, cold-blooded character from the moment she is introduced in the play. She pressures her husband into committing regicide as though it were something casual. It is she who drugs the kings companions and prepares the weapons for the murder. When her husband vacillates about killing the king, she manipulates him into following through by questioning his manhood. Finally, he gives in and murders the king. After committing the crime, she orders him to go back. When he refuses to do so, it is she who goes in herself and wipes the bloody weapons on the unconscious attendants to frame them. For anyone who has read the play, it is undeniable that Lady Machetes character is particularly eccentric. Yet in certain ways, she is contradictory. Certainly, it is true that Lady Macbeth is a dominant female. Nevertheless at a particular point in the story, her strength begins to degrade. Lady Macbeth constantly acknowledges a connection between masculinity and ambition. This particular play has quite a few references to gender territories. This is exemplified when Lady Macbeth cries for the spirits to unsexes near (snappers B By using ten word unsexes, seen acknowledges ten link TN she believes exists between femininity and weakness and cowardice. She wishes to be unsexes so that her influence would have an effect on her husband. A feminine character could not carry out an act that required such wickedness and strength. She considers her husband too soft or to kind to go through with it (Shakespeare 859). Another reference to the gender stereotypes is the dialogue that occurs right before Macbeth kills King Duncan. Watching her husband hesitate to go through with the plan, Lady Macbeth reacts by suggesting that he is not masculine enough. Apart from challenging his masculinity, she also questions his love for her. She then proceeds to asking him a series of rhetorical questions as an attempt to manipulate his actions. She asks whether he was drunk earlier on when he was entirely supportive of the plan (Shakespeare 863). She calls him a coward for not daring to do that which he said he would. Macbeth replies that he is only doing what is appropriate. Lady Macbeth retorts that he was more of a man when he was willing to kill the king. When you durst do it, then you were a man; And to be more than what you were, you would Be so much more the man (Shakespeare 864). She then makes a savage remark that she would rather dash out her bays brains than to break her word, had she sworn anything the way Macbeth did. Near the end of the scene, Macbeth alludes do his wifes masculinity by making a comment that she should only have male children, for her undaunted mettle (Shakespeare 857) would pass on to them. Yet as aggressive and brutal Lady Macbeth may appear, certain aspects of her character, certain comments indicate that she is not as brutal as she mess. When speaking to her husband about killing King Duncan, she tells him that she is unable to commit murder because he greatly resembles her father (Shakespeare 864). This tiny piece of information, which appears to be unimportant, is evidence that Lady Macbeth is not the ruthless creature she lets on to be. In addition to this, we see how Lady Machetes character begins to transform after the murder of King Duncan. After the regicide, Lady Machetes role is no longer as powerful and influential as it was in the first two acts. Her relationship with her husband slowly begins to degrade. When Macbeth plans on killing Banana, a character who he feels is a threat to his power, he tells her nothing (Shakespeare 870). Another example of the deterioration of their relationship is seen in the banquet scene. Macbeth sees the ghost of Banana and begins yelling at it to leave. Lady Macbeth, irritated by her husbands behavior, yells at him for making a scene in front of their guests (Shakespeare 877). Lady Macbeth slowly begins to break down and submerge into madness. Her sensitivity to the guilt turns into a great burden and eventually drives her insane. By the end of the play it overpowers her. In the last scene we see her, she has been reduced to this creature that sleepwalks, ranting on madly about horrifying images and recollections, apparently hallucinating. She yells about wanting to get rid of the spots of Dunces blood (Shakespeare 879). This is metaphorical to her desire to rid herself of the guilt she feels for her role in King Dunces murder. One can conclude that Lady Macbeth is certainly a classic Shakespearean female character. On one hand, powerful, ruthless, and dominant, yet on the other hand, displaying signs of weakness and sensitivity as her character diminishes. Apart from Lady Macbeth, another well-known Shakespearean contracted Is ten Tetra, villous Katherine. In ten play, seen Is Wally Known as an aggressively, nasty tempered woman; a shrew. She is well known in her town, Pad, for lashing out at anyone who angers her, and discharging her fury by nastily insulting and even striking he or she who dares enrage her. As the plot unfolds, we discover that Katherine is an especially intelligent, independent, and clever woman. She will not succumb to marry any of the dull-witted men who she usually has contact with. Though at first it may seem that Skates behavior is thus by nature, as e see more of her throughout the play, it is safe to assume that her behavior is a result of feeling unhappiness and discomfort at her environment. She despises the male-dominated, patriarchal society she is stuck in. She is also resentful and Jealous because her father, Baptists, always favors Bianca, her younger sister. Katherine hints this in various ways. When Baptists announces that Katherine must get married before her younger sister Bianca may, he is almost implying that Katherine is somewhat of a burden that he would like to get off his hands first. In response to this, Katherine asks if it is his intention is to make a fool out of her amongst Bananas suitors (Shakespeare 324). In addition to this, Katherine also shows displays her anger and Jealousy towards Bianca when she binds her hands and violently interrogates her to find out for which one of her suitors she is affectionate (Shakespeare 327). The issue of who was going to marry Katherine is resolved when Patriotic, a friend of one of Bananas suitors, comes to Pad in search of a wife (Shakespeare 330). At first, he is only attracted by Katherine dowry and quickly goes o meet her. Upon meeting him, Kate seemingly despises Patriotic. Their first meeting consists of an argument in which he calls her a wasp. Infuriated by his audacity, she strikes him. Patriotic simply replies that if she strikes him again, he will strike her back (Shakespeare 333). Following this meeting, Patriotic reports to Baptists that he was successful at wooing Katherine. Shocked by this, she responds by quickly contradicting him. Ignoring her, Patriotic announces that they have agreed to marry the following Sunday. Oddly, Katherine does not object (Shakespeare 336). It seems that Katherine, who was used to out-witting the unintelligent men who normally surround her, is intrigued by Buttercups clever responses. Patriotic then engages in a series of unusual methods to tame her. He arrives inebriated and late to the wedding. Then after marrying her, he tells her that he will now do with her what he wishes. He orders her to go to Verona before the feast. Then, upon getting to his home, he does not allow her to eat or sleep for days, saying that he would not have her eat his poor food or sleep in his inadequately made bed. However his treatment of her is not without reason. His intention is to make her see how preposterous her behavior was; to give her a taste of her own medicine. By the end of the play, Buttercups success at taming her is so effective, that she obeys him in practically everything he tells her to do. At the end of the play, she and Patriotic go back to Pad. The last impression she leaves on the reader is when she gives a speech about the devotion and loyalty a woman owes to her husband. Katherine is the typical of Shakespearean characters. Looking at her role in society superficially, it would seem as though she is the classic female of his era. She depends on the male characters for survival. Similar to Desman and her dependence first on her father, then on Othello for a home and survival in society, the way Katherine depends teen on near Tanner Ana Petroleum Is comparable. Yet Katherine Allays an array of unusual characteristics for a female of the Elizabethan period. It was not common to see a female abusing men as Katherine did. Not only her treatment of men, but a woman behaving the general way Katherine did, degrading anyone who she felt deserved it, with her cruel insults, and her nasty temper was absolutely shocking. In the eyes of a patriarchal society, the image of Katherine was not unlike the image left by Lady Macbeth. Although the two characters differ greatly, they are similar in various ways. At the beginning of the play, they are both fierce, dominant women. Yet at a certain point in the play, their dominance begins to diminish. For Lady Macbeth, this occurs after Macbeth kills Duncan and needs her no more. He kills and carries out other deeds by himself, without even informing her. Her guilt about murdering Duncan weakens her so much, that she commits suicide. In Taming of the Shrew, Katherine weakness is displayed when she demonstrates that she can be tamed. Patriotic is able to shape her behavior in the way he wishes. As mentioned above, her final speech evidences her transformation from a shrew to a compliant, obedient wife. Many factors may have influenced Shakespearean portrayal of his female characters. However the main influence was his frequent contact with Queen Elizabeth I and the pressure to please an unmarried female monarch and a patriarchal society simultaneously. However, despite them having a common weakness, Shakespearean most conspicuous female characters have one major aspect n common: they were women portrayed in a way that transcended the limiting roles which their society had assigned them.